MCDONALD’S CORPORATION VS. L.C. BIG MAK BURGER, INC.
G.R. No. 143993
18 August 2004
PONENTE: CARPIO, J.
FACTS:
Petitioner McDonald’s Corporation is a
corporation organized under the laws of Delaware, United States. McDonald’s operates a global
chain of fast-food restaurants. McDonald’s own a family of marks including the “Big Mac” mark for its
double-decker hamburger sandwich.
McDonald’s registered this trademark with the
United States Trademark Registry on 16 October 1979. Based on this Home Registration,
McDonald’s applied for the
registration of the same mark in the Principal Register of then then Philippine
Bureau of Patents, Trademarks and Technology (PBPTT) – now the Intellectual
Property Office (IPO).
Pending approval of its application,
McDonald’s introduced its “Big Mac” hamburger sandwiches
in the Philippine market in September 1981. On 18 July 1985, the PBPTT allowed
registration of the “Big Mac” mark in the
Philippine Register based on its Home Registration in the United States. From
1982 to 1990, McDonald’s spent P10.5 million
in advertisement for “Big Mac” hamburger sandwiches
alone.
Respondent L.C. Big Mak Burger, Inc. is
a domestic corporation which operates fast-food outlets and snack vans in Metro
Manila and nearby provinces. Its menu includes hamburger sandwiches and other
food items.
On 21 October 1988, respondent
corporation applied with the PBPTT for the registration of the “Big Mak” mark for its
hamburger sandwiches.
McDonald’s opposed respondent corporation’s application on the
ground that “Big Mak” was a colorable
imitation of its registered “Big
Mac” mark for the same
food products.
ISSUES:
1.
Is the respondent
guilty of trademark infringement and unfair competition?
2.
Is the “Big Mac” mark valid and does McDonald’s have rightful ownership to the same?
RULING:
1. YES.
Trademark
Infringement
RA 166 defines trademark infringement
as “any person who (1)
shall use, without the consent of the registrant, any reproduction,
counterfeit, copy or colorable imitation of any registered mark or trade-name
in connection with the sale, offering for sale, or advertising of any goods,
business or services on or in connection with which use is likely to CAUSE
CONFUSION or otherwise mistake or to deceive purchasers or others as to the
source or origin of such goods or services or identity of such business; or (2)
reproduce, counterfeit, copy, or colorably imitate any such mark or trade-name
and apply such reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation to
labels, signs, prints, packages, wrappers, receptacles or advertisements
intended to be used upon or in connection with such goods, business or
services.”
Clearly, there is cause for confusion
in the case at bar. By using the “Big Mak” mark on the same goods, i.e. hamburger sandwiches, that
petitioners’ “Big Mac” mark is used, they
have unjustly created the impression that its business is approved and
sponsored by, or affiliated with plaintiffs.
Furthermore, using the dominancy test
(rather than the holistic test), wherein the dominant features in the competing
marks are considered, Big Mak failed to show that there could be no confusion.
The Court found that respondents’ use of the “Big
Mak” mark results in
likelihood of confusion. First, “Big Mak” sounds exactly the same as “Big Mac.” Second, the first word in “Big Mak” is exactly the same as the first word in “Big Mac.” Third, the first two
letters in “Mak” are the same as the
first two letters in “Mac.” Fourth, the last
letter in “Mak” while a “k” sounds the same as “c” when the word “Mak” is pronounced. Fifth,
in Filipino, the letter “k” replaces “c” in spelling, thus “Caloocan” is spelled “Kalookan.” In short, aurally,
the two marks are the same.
Unfair Competition
With regard to unfair competition, RA
166, Section 29 defines the same as any person who will employ deception or any
other means contrary to good faith by which he shall pass off the goods
manufactured by him or in which he deals, or his business, or services for
those of the one having established such goodwill, or who shall commit any acts
calculated to produce said result.
Unfair competition is broader than
trademark infringement and includes passing off goods with or without trademark
infringement. Trademark infringement is a form of unfair competition. Trademark
infringement constitutes unfair competition when there is not merely likelihood
of confusion, but also actual or probable deception on the public because of
the general appearance of the goods.
L.C. Big Mak tried to pass off their
goods as though it were connected to “Big Mac.” The mark “B[ig]
M[ac]” is used by plaintiff
McDonald’s to identify its
double decker hamburger sandwich. The packaging material is a styrofoam box with
the McDonald’s logo and trademark
in red with block capital letters printed on it. All letters of the “B[ig] M[ac]” mark are also in red
and block capital letters. On the other hand, defendants’ “B[ig] M[ak]” script print is in orange
with only the letter “B” and
“M” being capitalized and the packaging
material is plastic wrapper. x x x x Further, plaintiffs’ logo and mascot are
the umbrella “M” and “Ronald McDonald’s,” respectively,
compared to the mascot of defendant Corporation which is a chubby boy called “Macky” displayed or printed
between the words “Big” and “Mak.”(Emphasis supplied)
Respondents point to these
dissimilarities as proof that they did not give their hamburgers the general
appearance of petitioners’ “Big Mac” hamburgers.
The dissimilarities in the packaging
are minor compared to the stark similarities in the words that give
respondents’ “Big Mak” hamburgers the
general appearance of petitioners’ “Big
Mac” hamburgers. Section
29(a) expressly provides that the similarity in the general appearance of the
goods may be in the “devices or words” used on the
wrappings. Respondents have applied on their plastic wrappers and bags almost
the same words that petitioners use on their styrofoam box. What
attracts the attention of the buying public are the words “Big Mak” which are almost the
same, aurally and visually, as the words “Big Mac.” The dissimilarities in the material and other devices are
insignificant compared to the glaring similarity in the words used in the
wrappings.
YES.
A mark is valid if it is “distinctive” and thus not barred
from registration under Section 4 of RA 166. However, once registered, not only
the mark’s validity but also
the registrant’s ownership of the
mark is prima facie presumed.
Respondents contend that of the two
words in the “Big Mac” mark, it is only the
word “Mac” that is valid because
the word “Big” is generic and
descriptive (proscribed under Section 4[e]), and thus “incapable of
exclusive appropriation.”
The contention has no merit. The “Big Mac” mark, which should be
treated in its entirety and not dissected word for word,is neither generic nor
descriptive.
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